Trends in Bioplastics from Marine Sources

Abstract

Marine-derived bioplastics have emerged as a promising class of sustainable materials capable of addressing the environmental and resource limitations associated with conventional petroleum-based plastics and first generation bio-based polymers. This review synthesizes recent advances in the development of bioplastics derived from marine biomass, including seaweeds, fishery byproducts, and marine microorganisms. Key biopolymers such as agar, alginate, carrageenan, ulvan, chitin, and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) exhibit favorable properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and functional versatility for applications in packaging, biomedical devices, and industrial materials. In addition, marine-based biocomposites incorporating natural reinforcements—such as chitosan, fish scales, and seashell-derived fillers—demonstrate enhanced mechanical performance and barrier properties. Using a systematic review approach guided by PRISMA, this study evaluates material characteristics, processing technologies, and application domains, while identifying key trends in research, innovation, and early-stage commercialization. The findings highlight the growing integration of marine bioplastics into circular economy frameworks, particularly through the valorization of marine waste streams and the expansion of seaweed-based production systems. However, large-scale adoption remains constrained by high production costs, feedstock variability, and limitations in mechanical and thermal performance relative to conventional plastics. Future progress will depend on advancements in extraction and processing technologies, improved material engineering, and stronger alignment between policy, industry, and research systems. Addressing these challenges is essential to enable the transition of marine bioplastics from emerging innovations to scalable and economically viable alternatives within global materials markets.

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