{"id":5657,"date":"2025-12-23T09:46:13","date_gmt":"2025-12-23T01:46:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/?p=5657"},"modified":"2026-02-03T15:56:34","modified_gmt":"2026-02-03T07:56:34","slug":"carbon-footprint-assessment-of-carrageenan-based-bioplastic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/?p=5657","title":{"rendered":"Carbon Footprint Assessment of Carrageenan-Based Bioplastic"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Alvin B. Culaba and Diana Rose R. Coronado<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57043\/transnastphl.2025.5657\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57043\/transnastphl.2025.5657<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This study presents a carbon footprint assessment of a carrageenan-based bioplastic derived from red seaweed. These bioplastics are biodegradable, renewable, and non-toxic. The analysis evaluates the production of 1 kg of bioplastic film, from seaweed cultivation to final production. A 20% extraction rate was used as the baseline model, while uncertainty analysis using scenarios, namely (i) scenario A (20% extraction + wastewater treatment), (ii) scenario B (10% extraction rate), and (iii) scenario C (scenario B + wastewater treatment), was added. Seaweed cultivation acts as a carbon sink, producing net negative CO\u2082 emissions in the baseline scenario (-170.72 kg CO\u2082 eq). Scenario B, where lower extraction rates require more seaweed, enhancing CO\u2082 absorption but increasing emissions from processing, yielded a total of -353.28 kg CO\u2082 eq. Wastewater treatment significantly raises emissions, with scenario A at 1169.39 kg CO\u2082 eq. and scenario C at 2312.61 kg CO\u2082 eq. Carrageenan powder production is the primary emission contributor (78.35%), followed by bioplastic film production (5.59%). The drying stage contributes less than 0.1%. While seaweed-based bioplastics offer strong sustainability potential due to carbon sequestration, waste emissions from carrageenan extraction and fossil-fuel-based energy use substantially impact the overall carbon footprint. Optimizing extraction efficiency and reducing energy use are critical to enhancing the environmental benefits of these bioplastics as alternatives to conventional plastics.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Keywords<\/h5>\n\n\n<div class=\"taxonomy-post_tag wp-block-post-terms\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/?tag=bioplastic\" rel=\"tag\">bioplastic<\/a><span class=\"wp-block-post-terms__separator\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/?tag=carbon-footprint\" rel=\"tag\">carbon footprint<\/a><span class=\"wp-block-post-terms__separator\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/?tag=carrageenan\" rel=\"tag\">carrageenan<\/a><span class=\"wp-block-post-terms__separator\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/?tag=life-cycle-assessment\" rel=\"tag\">life cycle assessment<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\"  class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/TNP-2025_47_10_AB-Culaba-DR-Coronado_Carbon-Footprint-Assessment-of-Carrageenan-Based-Bioplastic.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:1090px\" aria-label=\"Embed of TNP 2025_47_10_AB Culaba &amp; DR Coronado_Carbon Footprint Assessment of Carrageenan-Based Bioplastic.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-f7531aa4-da15-41d8-bba4-08515773b4cb\" href=\"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/TNP-2025_47_10_AB-Culaba-DR-Coronado_Carbon-Footprint-Assessment-of-Carrageenan-Based-Bioplastic.pdf\">TNP 2025_47_10_AB Culaba &#038; DR Coronado_Carbon Footprint Assessment of Carrageenan-Based Bioplastic<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/TNP-2025_47_10_AB-Culaba-DR-Coronado_Carbon-Footprint-Assessment-of-Carrageenan-Based-Bioplastic.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-f7531aa4-da15-41d8-bba4-08515773b4cb\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Alvin B. Culaba and Diana Rose R. Coronado<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[777,812],"tags":[807,806,172,808],"class_list":{"0":"post-5657","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-777","7":"category-2025-bioplastic","8":"tag-bioplastic","9":"tag-carbon-footprint","10":"tag-carrageenan","11":"tag-life-cycle-assessment","12":"czr-hentry"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5657"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5657"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5657\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5662,"href":"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5657\/revisions\/5662"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5657"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5657"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transactions.nast.ph\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5657"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}